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Hydropower Turbines from Addnew Technologies LimitedHydro Power - How it works Internationally, about 20% of all electricity is generated by hydropower - the world’s most widely used source of renewable energy. In Nepal, 100% of electricity is generated from hydro sources. In countries such as Peru, Brazil and Norway, more than 85% of their electricity uses hydropower. In New Zealand, about 60% of electricity is generated from hydro sources. In China till 2009, about 22% of electricity is generated from hydro sources. Hydroelectric power stations capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. Two factors are used to assess the generating capacity of a waterway. The first is the quantity of running water, or ‘flow rate’, measured in cubic metres per second. The second is the difference in vertical metres between the intake pipe and the turbine outlet, or ‘head’. Formula: Theoretical power available (kW) = 9.81 x Qc x H x Overall Efficiency Where Qc = flow in metres3 per second; H = net head When considering other factors, such as the efficiency of machinery, pipeline friction and the need to keep residual water in the stream, the practical output is less than the theoretical output.  Hydropower works by converting the movement of falling water into electricity. Many forms of hydro power exist and have been used by humans throughout history, some examples of this are watermills powering machinery such as sawmills and farmers irrigating land using gravity.Most often water is stored in dams or reservoirs. This water flows through an intake and into a large pipe called a penstock. The penstock then feeds water into a turbine which powers a generator. The turbine is powered by water flowing through the wicket gate. This gate can be controlled to determine the rate of flow through the turbine and therefore the amount of power generated. The turbine is attached by a shaft to an electric generator. Some common terms: * kWh Kilowatt hour. This is used to measure electric power use. A kWh is commonly referred to as a “unit” of electricity. A typical one bar electric heater running for one hour will consume one kilowatt of electrical energy. * GWh: Gigawatt hour – one million kWhs or units. * Head: Difference in vertical metres between the intake pipe and the turbine outlet. * Penstock: A high-pressure pipe extending from the first upstream water surface to the turbine. * Wicket gates: Angularly adjustable streamlined elements that control the flow of water to a turbine. * Turbine: A machine that converts the energy of falling water to mechanical energy. * Generator: A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
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